Author: Tom Konrad
Covestor model: Alt Energy Stocks
Disclosure: None
Containerized shipping is the most efficient way to move goods, but few ships are nearly as efficient as they could be. One company is steaming ahead of the pack.
It seems obvious that more international trade increases greenhouse gas emissions. After all, if we buy local products rather than products made halfway around the world, we will save all the carbon emissions required to ship them to us. It also seems to make sense that rising fuel prices will lead to a decrease in international trade, as companies reduce fuel use by assembling things closer to markets.
This facile intuition can lead us to some very inaccurate conclusions. The manufacture of materials typically accounts for far more of their embodied carbon than their transport, and the mode of transport will also have a big impact on embodied carbon.
Here is a chart showing the associated CO2 emissions per metric ton of freight transported one kilometer of various modes of transport:
| Air plane (air cargo), average Cargo B747 | 500 g |
| Modern lorry or truck | 60 to 150 g |
| Modern train | 30 to 100 g |
| Modern ship (sea freight) | 10 to 40 g |
(Date from http://fluglaerm.de/hamburg/klima.htm)
Contrary to the obvious assumption, rising fuel prices might actually cause the use of ships for freight, as manufacturers reduce fuel use not by shipping things shorter distances, but by relying more heavily on efficient sea freight at the expense of less efficient land- and air-based modes of transport. Efforts to reduce carbon emissions might also end up increasing international trade and shipping, as countries with strict carbon emissions shift production (and emissions) to countries with less strict caps (or no caps at all.)
Ship Shape
While rising fuel prices and greenhouse reduction goals may end up favoring the shipping industry as a whole, they will also do a lot to re-shape the industry. Fuel, after all, is not just a source of emissions for the shipping industry, it is a cost, so higher fuel prices mean that more efficient shippers will have a greater cost and profitability advantage.
There are many highly economical measures that a ship owner can take to improve the efficiency of their vessel, many of which were discussed in a panel on shipping at the Carbon War Room’s Creating Climate Wealth Conference on May 4th. According to Peter Boyd, the Carbon War Room’s COO, there is the potential to save 30% of shipping fuel just by applying measures with paybacks of three years or less. Such measures include hull coatings, sails, using fans to force air bubbles under the ships hull, making the ship ride higher in the water, and waste heat recovery from the ship’s engines. The economics of such measures are further improved because some ports give discounts or special privileges to more fuel efficient (and less polluting) ships.
The problem is that approximately two thirds of the shipping fleet is leased, not owned, by its operators. This creates a split-incentive, because the ship owner (who would pay for the upgrades) does not get the benefit of savings on fuel consumption.
Ship operators who own more of their ships will therefore have an advantage in terms of reducing fuel use. The largest operator of container ships, A.P. Moeller-Maersk (Copenhagen: MAERSK-A, MAERSK-B), has such an advantage, since they own approximately half of the ships they operate. Furthermore, Maersk has shown a commitment to fuel efficiency, providing data on all their ships (even the poorly performing ones) to ShippingEfficiency.org, doing retrofits on their existing fleet, and aggressively incorporating fuel saving technologies into the new ships they order.
Ship operators who lease most of their ships only have one easy option to save fuel: slow steaming. Just as you get better gas mileage by driving 55 than driving 70, ships can also unlock substantial fuel savings with “slow steaming.” Maersk is also a leader in its commitment to slow steaming. While any operator can choose to run its ships slower to save fuel, this, too, provides a hidden advantage for ship owners: Lowering ship speeds effectively lowers the global fleet’s carrying capacity, increasing the demand (and prices) for ships.
Conclusion
If you, like me, believe that current high oil prices are not just a blip, you should also believe that shipping companies with a proven commitment to efficiency will outperform their peers in the years to come. Since the shipping fleet takes decades to turn over, energy efficiency first movers will retain a long term advantage, even if other firms belatedly wake up to the advantages.
What is less clear is how the shipping industry as a whole will fare as a result of long term increases in the price of fuel. Shipping will probably gain market share from less efficient modes of transport, but higher fuel prices may also cause the entire transportation pie to shrink. This uncertainty suggests that a long position in Maersk might best be hedged with a short position in a broad transport ETF, such as the iShares Dow Jones Transportation Average (NYSE: IYT)
Sources:
“Carbon Tracking Tool” The Future Build.com. http://www.thefuturebuild.com/carbon-tracking/page.html
“CO2 emissions for shipping of goods” Time For Change. http://timeforchange.org/co2-emissions-shipping-goods
“iPad – Designed by Apple in California. Assembled in China” Geographyalltheway, Flickr.com. https://www.flickr.com/photos/geographyalltheway_photos/5218597435/
“The emissions omitted” The Economist. 4/28. http://www.economist.com/node/18618451?story_id=18618451
“Maersk Gets Discount for Wasting Less” ScandAsia.com, 5/5. http://www.scandasia.com/viewNews.php?coun_code=sg&news_id=8797
“Maersk orders largest, most efficient ships ever” Maersk Line Press Release, 2/21. http://www.maerskline.com/link/?page=news&path=/news/news20110221
“Slow Steaming Transport Ships: Better for the Environment and Better for Business” Eboom Staff. Energy Boom, 2/17. http://www.energyboom.com/transportation/slow-steaming-transport-ships-better-environment-and-better-business
“Container Ship Rates Rally as Fuel Prices Rise: Freight Markets” Alaric Nightingale, Kyunghee Park. Bloomberg, 1/19. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-01-19/container-ship-rates-rising-as-fuel-prices-slow-vessels-freight-markets.html
